Free Essays on Charles Beard

Charles Beard An Economic interpretation of the constitution of the United States. The Free Press New York 1865 The subject – The Economics that drove the way to constitution was written. Now the people there were influenced by their monetary issues of the time. And how it affected what people stood for and how they portrayed it when the constitution was written. Also how it was written to protect American Interests and property that was held by the members of the delegation. The scope – That the constitution instead of being written for the sake of liberty, lite, the pursuit of happiness, it was a work drawn up by run consolidated economics groups to protect their money, public securities, trade and shipping as well as manufacturing. These economics group stared the move for the Philadelphia convention, that wrote the original constitution . They also dominated the state convention to get the constitution ratified. It is suggested that people with a substantial property interest and agreed with the constitution but those small farmers, and debtors opposed it. Which created the crucial problem in getting it ratified. But the people who would eventually benefit from it eventually won out and gained the ratification of the constitution. The other interesting aspect of the constitution and it’s ratification was the property qualifications for voting and holding office which excluded the masses, the document was original supposed the protect. These allowed it to be ratified in the purpose to control and check the democratic majority and allow the walk and owners to maintain their ideals and also those money and trading and manufacturing assets.... Free Essays on Charles Beard Free Essays on Charles Beard Charles Beard An Economic interpretation of the constitution of the United States. The Free Press New York 1865 The subject – The Economics that drove the way to constitution was written. Now the people there were influenced by their monetary issues of the time. And how it affected what people stood for and how they portrayed it when the constitution was written. Also how it was written to protect American Interests and property that was held by the members of the delegation. The scope – That the constitution instead of being written for the sake of liberty, lite, the pursuit of happiness, it was a work drawn up by run consolidated economics groups to protect their money, public securities, trade and shipping as well as manufacturing. These economics group stared the move for the Philadelphia convention, that wrote the original constitution . They also dominated the state convention to get the constitution ratified. It is suggested that people with a substantial property interest and agreed with the constitution but those small farmers, and debtors opposed it. Which created the crucial problem in getting it ratified. But the people who would eventually benefit from it eventually won out and gained the ratification of the constitution. The other interesting aspect of the constitution and it’s ratification was the property qualifications for voting and holding office which excluded the masses, the document was original supposed the protect. These allowed it to be ratified in the purpose to control and check the democratic majority and allow the walk and owners to maintain their ideals and also those money and trading and manufacturing assets....

Top 5 Resources For Free Online Learning

Top 5 Resources For Free Online Learning Want to study but short of cash? Here are five of the best online education service providers to check out! If you’re feeling the itch to learn something new, but your financial affairs are encouraging you to calm the hell down, there is some good news coming your way – you can study for free online with many different providers. Great news! To make things easier for you, we’ve collected the top course providers in one place, all of which are affordable. You can track your progress, choose your own schedule, work to your own pace, and basically, enjoy a user-friendly experience which allows you to learn without heavy price tags. So here are our highlights: Coursera Service This particular website is great from the start because it is easy to use. Almost all the courses displayed on the website offer free access, and prices are related to graded work, of which there is financial aid available. The site is aimed towards learners who want to earn a grade but can’t afford to pay the sometimes high fees related to colleges. Advantages Basically, it’s the large number of courses on offer, with over 1200 displayed. There is also the option to head further into your subject if you choose, with the funding option for many people, What subjects are on offer? It’s impossible to list them all, but you can learn about power electronics, genetics and society, as just two examples. If you fancy earning your stripes in data science, you’re catered for, as well as many options for creative writing courses. Website: coursera.org EDX Service The website gets you excited because it highlights the advantages and fun of learning on its front page. The fact that many partners are also on board, such as the University of California, and Harvard University to name just two, is a real confidence booster. There are countless courses to choose from, and you can look at courses which are starting soon, ones currently underway, as well as the ones which are self-paced, e.g. you do it all at your own speed. Advantages We’ve outlined many already, but the big name is probably what sells it. There is also a large range of education levels on offer, including high school and XSeries, which means nobody misses out. This is a very accessible site for all. What subjects are on offer? Again, there are far too many to list, but subjects span across business and management, communication, economics and finance, architecture, arts and culture, to name just a few. English grammar and essay writing is a popular one. Website: edx.org Open University Service Everyone has heard of the Open University, and the big name gives you major confidence boosting, as well as the high level of customer service. Many employers see Open University courses as being as good as, if not better, than college courses, and there are also paid courses on offer, with financial aid options clearly displayed. The free courses are plentiful, with over 800 different subjects. Advantages The big name is probably the best advantage we can give, but the customer service on offer is another one – basically you are never on your own, even though you are studying on a distance basis. What subjects are on offer? Far too many to list yet again. Some of the most popular currently are essay and report writing skills, introduction to cyber security, and introduction to book-keeping and accounting. Website: open.edu Academic Earth Service This company believes that everyone deserves the chance to study and be educated, and was started up in 2009. Many of the world’s top colleges are featured, which again gives you confidence, and there are many courses to suit every possible interest, across many different levels. Advantages There is a large catalogue of providing colleges listed, so you know that what you’re studying has major clout. On top of this, the list of subjects is seemingly endless. What subjects are on offer? Subjects span many different topic areas, including accounting, management, business marketing, education, and psychology. Website: academicearth.org Open Education Database Service Our final choice gives away its service in the title – it is a database, and a great site to head for everything in one place, without having to trawl the internet for other providers. There are over 10,000 free online courses displayed across many large colleges and universities. Advantages Basically the ease of use, because everything is there for you. On top of this, you have confidence in knowing that accreditation is by large scale organisations. What subjects are on offer? As there are 10,000 shown, you will certainly find what you’re looking for. A few to suggest are Advanced Biology, and Advanced Chemistry, to name just two out of countless more in the same niche. Website: oedb.org

Analysis of Electronic Medical Records Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Electronic Medical Records - Essay Example The system should have the capacity to store quite a large amount of information at any one time. The operations of such information should also be manageable for ease of retrieval by the hospital officials and other users (Skolnik & Neil, 121). The hospitals also want the EMR to address the problem of mishandling, error, and confusion associated with operation manual information.The patients have their share of information requirement as far as their wellbeing is concerned. Firstly, they need a system that makes it easier to keep their information as confidential as it can be possible. EMR provide electronically storage of information that should offer confidential features for the storage of sensitive data about their personal details, medical records, and history. Secondly, the electronic systems should provide for immediate processing of claims and processing of payment as well. Thus, people seeking health care services would find it convenient to receiving health care and making the payments for the services (Skolnik & Neil 122). The patients are also seeking a system that should have the capacity to reduce the need for hospital admissions or their stay in the hospital. This means that they can receive equally quality services online, saving a lot of expenses. Physicians, on the other hand, are set to benefit from the implementation of EMR operations in the hospitals. Firstly, they are looking forward to an electronic system that can provide for immediate access to data. Manual storage of records is the source of immense time wastage in the hospitals where the health professional has to spend a lot of time looking for information in past stored files. Thus, the EMR should resolve this problem by providing an easy and convenient way of accessing information about any given patient. Secondly, the health professional is in need of a system that makes

Animal Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Animal Farm - Essay Example Manipulation is one of the tactics utilized by Napoleon to rule the farm. He distorts the true events and changes statements and therefore, keeps the other animals in dark to prevent them from knowing the truth and fighting. The alteration in the principles of Animalism serves as a perfect example. According to the initial stand, all animals were to be treated as same but later the pigs write a new statement which reads, â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† (Orwell 1954). This principle is displayed on the farm to explain to the other animals that the pigs enjoyed greater rights and they were not to be questioned on their acts. Thus, they distort the original dream of Animal Farm and opt for providing greater space for the pigs for the continuation of their rule. Napoleon uses his power to prevent the animals from questioning his rule. He trains a force of dogs for the implementation of his laws and he even issues orders for killings those animals that are not loyal to him. The authority and the fear of the dogs is seen in these lines, â€Å"they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes.†(Orwell 1954). The animals were under threat and they feared for their life owing to which they remained passive and faced all the brutalities that were imposed on them. Thus, force is a factor used by Napoleon to keep his hold on the farm. Napoleon tries to keep the animals as busy as he can and prevents them from learning. He does this to ensure the fact that the animals do not get enough time to think of other problems and so that they cannot realize the fact that they are being ruled and mistreated at the hands of the pigs. â€Å"Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness,

Causes of Building Failures

Causes of Building Failures Building failure can be some part of building cracking occur, more seriously will bring building collapse. Building collapse will carry the risk of human injure or deaths. For example, buildings and structures all around start falling. This causes many people to get hurt, many of them fatally, because of the impact of falling material. Or, in high rise buildings, people themselves might fall from higher floor, thus, getting hurt, due to the impact of fall. Buildings with glass-facades are especially dangerous, as, glass being brittle would tend to crack with smallest deformation of the frame. And, worse, glass being very heavy has a very high impact on hitting somebody. And then, glass shards have a tendency to go inside the skin and cause damage to internal organs (Sanjay Churiwala and Naveen Gabrani n.d.). In addition, building collapse results in property damage and functionality inadequate. It also needs to spent time on clean-up, repair, cost losses and so on to get the facility up and running again. Building that causes fail may due to numerous of reasons that may not be easy predict before or during the construction. The analysis shows the general causes of building tend to failure that include unwise land-use and defective in designs which are arise at pre-construction phase and those construction and operational error which arise at during construction phase. Errors appear from pre-construction and during construction phase has the greatest potential influence on a projects final outcome. Building failure may occur due to three parties involved Consultant, Contractor and Developer/ Owner. The Consultants and Contractors had given insufficient of control and supervision of site operation and the quality control. More that, owner also is the one who are required to give cooperate and any assistance with Consultants and Contractors to completed the construction project. According to Mohammed Azad Hossain (2009), such errors ultimately lead to a situation, which may involve such failures, which are related to excavation and equipment, inappropriate sequencing, not enough temporary support; unnecessary structure weight; untimely taking away of shoring or formwork; and non-conformance to design objectives. Problem Statement and Research Question Failures have been found in various types of the buildings. Failure in buildings built any time the last 25 years, some as recently as the last couple of year (Steve 2008). A total of 225 building failure in Unites States and the result show that the building failure of low rise building constitutes about 63% of all cases, followed by multi-storey building as a distant second and this has been established by Kumalasari Wardhana and Fabian C.Hadipriono (2003). Building tend fail are depending on materials, designs, environmental conditions, method of construction and which the building is put of the use to, etc. Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium is a new multi- purpose stadium in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia which was constructed by South Korean construction firm. On July 3, 2009, a major part of the roof construction collapsed. The major cause such stadium collapsed has been identified are failure by design and materials used, rush development and under-supervised. Aims and Objectives The aim in this dissertation is to study and analyse the building failure and to find out the factor that causing building failure by three parties involved in construction industries. The objectives are: To study the factor that caused building failure by Contractor. To undertake the factor that caused building failure by Consultant; and To determine the factor that caused building failure by Developer/ Owner. Scope of Study The scope of study emphasizes on the building failure and factors that causing by three parties involved in Construction industries which are Consultant, Contractor and Developer/ Owner. Research Methodology Research Methodology is the way in which the research objectives can be questioned. There are two types of research strategies, which are quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research is highlight in the collection and analysis of data. This research based on testing of theories and to look for whether the theories are true. For the qualitative research, it approaches seek to gain insights and understand peoples awareness. The understandings, opinions, views, etc. of people are investigate which collect from survey questionnaires and document review. Primary Data Source Survey Questionnaires In this proposal, Survey Questionnaires will be used to collect all the opinions, views, etc. This method is the more accurate since as the first hand information collected from original research. The survey questionnaire form will be distributed form to 50 people who are random citizens and the purpose to investigate the major factor of building failure causing by three parties involved in construction industries. The survey questionnaire form will be set out in closed-ended question format for respondent to select the answer. That mean the closed-ended is the limit respondents answers to the survey, such as choosing either yes/no, true/false, or multiple choices. More that, the recommendation to reduce such failure in construction industries are also be conducted by survey questionnaire. Secondary Data Source The research undertakes a review of all literature which known as secondary research method that is selection of available related documents on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aim or express certain views on the nature of the topic (Chris 2003, p.1-2). In this proposal, the information sources and obtains can be from reference book which are from Library College and National Library. Beside, information also can be obtained from article and journal that were related to cause failure of the building. Electronic sources such as internet website from Google can helped to found the information which required in this research, and etc. Dissertation Contents For this study dissertation report involved 5 chapters. The general description of each chapter as follow: Chapter 1 Introduction The first chapter is the introduction of the dissertation. The contents in this chapter include Project title, background of the research problem, problem statement and research question, aim and objectives, scope of study, research methodology of the study and dissertation contents. Chapter 2 Literature Review In this chapter two is the literature review. It will review on the selection criteria of building failure which in discussed for failure of building, factor that causes of failure by primary parties involved in construction industry. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Chapter three is includes the research methodologies and to provide the rationale for the method adopted in this dissertation project. Then methods used to research are literature review on journal, reference book, etc., survey questionnaire, and case study. Chapter 4 Research Findings Chapter four is the discussion and result analysis. The data collected and interpret from research method adopted, identify and analysis it, then present and explain the findings. The data present will in a table, chart, diagram, and essay form. Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations The last chapter will be the conclusions and recommendations. The achievement of research objectives, recommendations and limitation of the research will be record in this chapter. References Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College Harvard Referencing system will be using in the research. This Harvard Referencing system is a standard practice at all institution of higher learning including Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College. Project Plan and Schedule The table below is the Project Plan and Schedule of the research proposal project. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Basic of Building Failure in Construction Industries Definition of Building Failure Building Failure is refers to the member within structure or component or structure itself which are loss of load carrying capacity. More on the time initiated of building failure is when material stressed to its strength limit and fails to withstand the stresses imposed upon it. The failure will expose itself by crack or breaking, occur permanently deformed, becoming bending and more seriously may collapse (Wikipedia 2012). Calvert (2002) notes the buildings, like all structures, are designed to support certain loads without deforming excessively. The loads are the weights of people and objects, the weight of rain and snow and the pressure of wind and load of the building itself. With buildings of a few floors, strength generally accompanies sufficient rigidity, and the design is mainly that of a roof that will keep the weather out while spanning large open spaces. With tall buildings of many floors, the roof is a minor matter, and the support of the weight of the building itself is the main consideration. Like long bridges, tall buildings are subject to catastrophic collapse. The loads can divide into two parts which called live loads and dead load. Live loads are the weight of temporarily attached to; it can produce by like people, machinery and equipment, furniture, appliances, etc. of the building or other structure. But do not including the material that utilized in construction or environmental loads or anything permanently attached to it such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load (N.A.N.d.). The case effects of machinery, equipment, furniture, appliances concentration, deflections or cracks must be considered and to determine the necessary proper intensity of design to considering those effects. Dead load is a fix load in a structure such as a bridge, building, or machine that is the weight from members itself, the supported structure itself, and permanent attachments equipment or accessories that apply in the building (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated 2012). The item that considered of dead load include construction material that use to build or make up the building such as beams, columns, floor systems, ceiling systems, wall systems, doors, windows, floor coverings, wall coverings, cabinets, and the like. Besides, the item considered of permanently attached equipment or accessories such as heating and ventilating systems, electrical trays, piping, etc. In the other way round that the item is not considered to dead load are the things as movable. That item like shelving, desks, chairs, beds, chests, books, copiers, stored items, or anything else that can be moved around during the life of the structure. The feature of dead load shows that they are the weight of final structure . This is creates a bit difficult for the design Engineer since in order to design the building, the Engineer must need to know the weight of the structure. Besides, the engineer also needs the accurately define the weights of the final structure. At the beginning of design process, the weight of the structural element and the framing are all unknown. So more of time to solution this kind of difficult position is the design Engineer often involves iteration where an educated guess is needed as to where design will finish, the dead loads is based on estimate, select the structure members that based on the estimated loads, dead loads is need to recomputed, then continue the cycle until all the member sizes do not change (T. Bartlett Quimby 2007). The aim of the structures are designed is to achieved the requested function of creation, ensuring the structures could be applied all of the loads, and sufficient safety of structures is obtain. In the properly designed system, it will prevent a local failure cause immediate and gradual failure of the complete building. The ultimate failure strength of a material or structural element is taken carefully consideration in the structural engineering and structural design to prevent failure (Finn 2009). As Aggeliki (2009) notes in his articles, if that are unexpected loads are applied, one of the factor of safety is needed to link into the design analysis to prevent building failure. Nowadays, building codes have improved and expressively to reduce the structural collapses, but it still cannot essential completely prevent the structural failures. Even though the structural failure is become less, but the results still are disastrous. Until now the engineers are still insistently searchi ng the method to reduce structural failures by introduce to proper building standards and other safety requirements. Lastly, reducing of human error, carrying out proper hazard identification, and using suitable maintenance procedures for the structures is the chance can be minimized of structural failure (Suvo 2009). Type of Building Failure The term of defect is defined as the premature failure of structure and the results cause from improper or substandard engineering, manufacture, design, application and installation. In another way, the term failure can described as the system breakdown or unable to function at all, breakdown in the operation, quality, or appearance of structure, component or material. Therefore those are different meaning in term of defect with the term failure. So, the following table show some of that various type of building failure (James and Ransom 2007, p.8): Failure Type Example Aesthetic failure Concrete or render cause crazing or shrinkage cracking. Flaking and peeling of paintwork. Staining and soiling of the finishes. Functional failure Caused sagging of the floors. Leaks in elements such as roofs, walls and floors Failure of materials Chemical attack of rendering or concrete, mortar or brick. Fungal are attack of the timber. Metals are corrosion. System failure of components and elements Carbonation of concrete. Leading to corrosion of reinforcement and subsequent cracking and spalling of concrete members. Structural failure Subsidence which caused downward movement of a building and caused by below ground factors such as desiccation of clay soil. Settlement which also caused downward movement and caused by overloading. Non- structural failure Cracking and deboning of plaster. Tenting, deboning and bubbling of floor coverings. Roof tiles and slates are delamination. Reversible failure Jamming of door and windows since of moisture intake by these components. Usually in winter or summer, the wood will be dry out and door and window will become unstuck. Irreversible failure Chemical reaction (sulphate attack) on mortar or rendering. Excessive distortion in beam, column or wall owing to structural movement. Primary Parties Involved in Construction Industries Definition Lawrence (2003, p.1-2) indicated that, The management of construction is an enterprise that involves many people with diverse interests, talents and backgrounds. The owner, the design professional and the contractor comprise the primary triad of parties, but others, such as subcontractors, material suppliers, and bankers, insurance and bonding companies, attorneys and public agency officials, are vital elements of the project team whose interrelated roles must be coordinated to assure a successful project. In this part will concern the duties and responsibilities of the primary parties such as the building contractor, consultants, and Developer/ Owner on the construction project. The primary focus here is on the building contractor who are to carries the lead duties and responsibility for the on-site installation work or sometimes off- site as well and all of the associated planning and follows up. At the same time, also to understand the duties and responsibility for other people an d organisations participate to success the project. Definition of Building Contractor According to Exforsys Inc. (2010), In the Construction industries, the contractor also can calls as the project engineer or project manager. The contractor is the one an individual who engages in the planning, developing and coordinating of activities in the construction project. The contractor also is the one to supervise the construction and to ensure all necessary measures must be taken in the result of completed finished product. More important is notwithstanding that possible delays due to bad weather or building causes any emergencies, contractor needs to sure that construction work finish are met the deadlines and try do the best of prevent causing any delay. The General contractor is employed by the developer/owner, and may also advice of the Architect to the developer/owner. Contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as tender documents). In during of the construction stage, contractor required to visit the site since it will help to get a better understanding of the project. He may handle the work on residential dwellings, commercial buildings or infrastructure, such as roads, bridges or schools. As the contractor, working hours are more the time is irregular, since any sudden problems that may arise at the construction site and constructor must be available at all times to resolve that problem. Besides, the contractor may need to calculate the price, as also called an estimate. Contractor required providing the approximate price with considers the cost of materials and equipment as well as the cost of labour to the owner for the project. The General Contractors Duties and Responsibilities That is many duties and Responsibilities that building contractor must be fully complete on day to day in order to ensure the construction project is completed smoothly and in a timely and correct manner. More about that, building contractor also need to ensure the project complete by price specified in the contract. Building contractor to construct the construction project must be according to the designers plans and specifications. Firstly, the duty of the building contractor is require implementing a plan and direct in which to carry out all the aspects of construction project. This is from hiring the workers to developing the contraction project and follow the step-by-step timeline that the project from start until end. In addition to implementing the construction plan, the building contractor is responsible for hiring, supervising, firing employees who are under the specific construction project with the contractor. For example, building contractor including design and worker selection or appoint as to hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering on site, etc. As a supervisor on construction project to supervising the employees, the building contractor must be regard to the workers and also take care of payslip. Ensure engage in hire someone to do work for the contractor. Obtaining the materials for the project also is the one of responsible for the building contractor. For instance, Contractor is the one to providing all of the labour, material, equipment (such as engineering vehicles and tools) and services necessary in the construction project. Since construction projects must be up to the contractor to acquire goods to build the structures, if not, cannot complete without the necessary building materials. Another duty of the building contractor is to applying for building permits from relevant department (local authorities). At before want start to construct the building, it must be acquire all necessary licenses and permits from relevant entities so that the building project just can begin. Since there are many regulation that the building contractor must be follow which relate to these documents which each building in order to engage in construction. The building contractor must complete the project which agrees with all laws, rules and regulations. The building contractor need to research about relevant regulations and laws that are related to the construction process. There are many laws such as different state have their different own law. Those laws will state that when, where and how a building contractor and his crew should build in certain areas. So, the building contractor must be recognized and followed in order to complete the project in a law-abiding manner. Another specific duty of the building contractor is budget issues. The building contractor may require planning all aspects of a construction project which including establish a budget for the construction project. That budget must be follow by the building contractor as closely as possible. For the example that budget will allow the building contractor to gain supplies, hire workers and finish the construction in a cost-efficient manner. That must be taken in serious matter which building contractor to following budgets and his/her should be care with or to ensure that the project will be completed as what was aspiration in the beginning of plan. From the beginning to end of the construction process, reviewing the progress and implementing any changes along the way also is another item which relate to the responsible of a building contractor. The building contractor needs to follow closely of the specific building project and necessary to make any changes when he/she deems fit to do so (Exforsys Inc. 2010). Lastly, the working hours of building contractor are irregular. Those emergencies and surprises may arise which relate to the project and it may occur on-site and sometimes off-site as well. So, as the building contractor must be assistance with an emergency issue available at all times and to resolve that problem. On the Wikipedia (2012) provided that, In the during construction phase, the building contractor is also responsible for providing temporary utilities on site like equipment, tool, formwork and etc., securing the property, control the quality assurance, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering on site, disposing of or recycling construction waste, monitoring master program (schedules) and cash flows, maintaining accurate records and etc. Besides, he/she should day-to-day go to the site and specialize and oversee of a construction site or the progress of a particular building task, such as plumbing, heating or electrical wiring. He or She also require to management of the vendors and trades. The building contractor should be done to prevent any oblation either the safety of the workers or the quality of the work. The contractor is has fully responsibility to complete and the purpose to achieving the quality level and for safety that required in the documents. The building contractor may also be involved in the training of the owners personnel in the operation of the building systems and may be provide some maintenance after construction is complete. It is important that the contractors has an obligation to get satisfy the minimum requirements of the drawings and specifications from the Architect. In the bidding process, the owner will asks for the lowest possible price to perform and that only those things are absolutely required by the drawings and specifications. Thus, the contractor is need obligated to satisfy those minimum requirements and no more. Of course, the owner is always free to require additional performance by change order. In the design / bid / build method, the owner only contract with the contractor. In the case, the contractor has no any contract with the designer. Then the contractors is required responsibility to comply any requirements of the contract with the owner. All efforts by contractor are essential to prevent the structural failure as it causes dangers to human life and property. There are the numerous of causes for a structural failure, and there is a requirement for a proper analysis of all the factors before construction (N.A, N.D). Definition of Consultants Who are the consultants? The consultants can be the design consultants, cost and contract consultants, land surveyors, etc. The design consultants usually comprises of the architect, civil and structural engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers and other specialist designers, such as interior designers, landscape architects, lighting specialists, town planners, etc. Design consultants as a designer of the project in the area he/ she is specialized in. They also as a facilitator of clients need and project brief. Besides, they as an advisor to the client on matters are relating to design and on statutory requirements and by- laws relating to the project. The cost and contract consultant can be the quantity surveyors. The quantity surveyors usually act as the cost and contract consultant for a project. The General Consultants Duties and Responsibilities In the following are shows the duties and the responsibilities of both which are design consultants and cost and contract consultant. Design Consultants Carrying out design works in their areas of specialization. Ensuring design works are properly coordinated with fellow consultants. Ensuring design complies with the requirements of the authorities, and with the by- laws. Choosing appropriate systems and materials, and making sure design for the elements of the works is kept within the cost plan. Notifying and advising the client on any necessary design changes due to unforeseen circumstances. Ensuring that design works are carried out within the time frame as set out in the programme. Conducting field observations to ensure that the contractor carries out the works as per the specifications and design. Contract documents include a budget, specifications, any general and special conditions prepared by a design professional such as an architect. Cost and Contract Consultant Responsible for study of the economics and financial implication of a construction project. Preliminary cost preparation and estimating. Cost plan preparation and cost studies. Contract documentation and administration preparation. Evaluation of contractors tenders. Cash flow forecast and post contract coat monitoring. Valuation of Variations. Preparation of periodic cost report for the client. Evaluation and settlement of contractors claim. Settlement of contractual disputes. Definition of Developer/Owner The developer/owner is the party who wishes to have a project constructed and pays for it. The developer/owner can be an individual, a business enterprise or an organization, and it can be both private and public. Developer/Owner is the key master to the construction production process. In addition, when initiate a construction project, developer/owner have a right to selecting project timing, priorities, cost limits, specific requirement, and determine the contractual methods. There are two type of developer/owner which are well informed and know nothing. Developer/Owner who are well informed mean know what they want and take decisive steps to achieve it. Another are know nothing mean the developer/owner need guidance to formulate their wishes and match them to the available budget. The General Developer/Owner Duties and Responsibilities Basically the duties and responsibilities of the developer/owner in a project can be under the following: Providing the clients brief and clarity of brief. Financing the project, i.e. they pay for the project. Ensure safety, health and environment aspects of the project are complied with in accordance with the legislation as laid down by DOSH and the Department of Environment. Make sure smooth incorporation and prevent disruption takes place. Avoidance of interruption to professional advisors job. Building Failure Caused by Primary Parties General Adel Abdulaziz Al Barrak (1993) postulates that, the construction business is the much higher level of competitors than any other business. As the result showing that, construction business has very high risks could lead to failure are exposed than any other business. Therefore, to determine cases of failure should be studied and such cases should be avoided in order to reduce that number of failure. The construction business need to more attention to treat the weak point. In the section will study the various building failure that cases by primary Parties involved in construction industries. There are three parties involved, namely, developer/ owner, consultant, and contractor. The relationship between these parties is adversarial since different parties has different goals they want to meet and each party goals that will has arisen conflict with the other parties goals. For the instances, the developer/ owner want the project be low cost to expend and result in good quality. But t his will reduce the profit that contractor gain. Besides, as the consultant, he/she wants the project is much more attractive and safe. In this circumstance, it may cause both the contractor and the developer/ owner spend more money or extra cost on the project. Except on this relation among parties, which still have more any other reason could be a major source of building failure. Building Failure Caused by Contractor More commonly factor that strong influence in the contractors failures in the project or building are lack of experience, poor labour productivity, bad management decisions, lack clearly assigning the responsibility and authority, recruiting multinationals, neglect, frauds, lack of control or supervision system, and lack of communication system. Lack of Experience That is important the building contractor must have the experience in the construction project. Contractor is the person who is daily to manage the activities process on the construction site. Besides, the building contractor also as field supervision to supervising all hiring worker on site. If the building contractor does not have experience, he may not to solve any problem arise from construction site. Dr. Sadi Assaf (2004) indicated that, the owner should try to employer a higher degree qualified working team in the company because that may able to maximize the usage of the companys resources and avoid any waste resources occur. The working team employer by owner mean should have good experience in the same line of work. As the more experienced building contractor in the project should be able to demonstrating knowledge of, propose a wide array of options, and have the experience with a variety of products, materials and techniques. Little or no experience of the building contractor is the most common cause the project or building failure. That is very difficult if the contractor resign at the halfway through the project, since the new contractor employ by the owner need to take over the work that where ex-contractor left off. For instance, the second contractor may not familiar to use the materials or techniques that first contractor have used. In addition, the second contractor may not at the same way that first contractor wishes to did, unless there are very specific drawings are provided (McCaleb Construction Inc, 2012). Poor Labour Productivity Poor labour productivity also mean as poor workmanship in construction industries. Poor workmanship is the actual that cause of construction either in defect or failure

Angry men analysis

In the beginning of the movie, Jury number 1 seems to be an â€Å"emergent leader† (An emergent leader gradually achieves leadership by interacting with group members and contributing to the achievement of the group's goal, page 113). From the start he has started folding papers for voting, and the other Jurors seem to follow him. When he said we would like to get started, they all gather on the table. The type of leadership he is showing is â€Å"democratic† (a democratic leader promotes the interests of group members and practices social equality, page 117).He asks for input from the other Jurors on how they should do the discussion. Pretty much he is the one controlling the flow of the discussion. He is also an â€Å"initiator† (Proposes ideas and suggestions; provides direction for the group; gets the group started, page 58). When the group Just came back from break he said, â€Å"Now let's get started. Who wants to start it off? † However, during the movie Henry Found seems to starting to take over gradually by leading the group of â€Å"not guilty'. He looks more like the emergent leader towards the end of the movie.During the discussion, some of the Jurors are acting as â€Å"deserter† (Withdraws from the group; appears â€Å"above it all† and bored or annoyed with the discussion; remains aloof or stops contributing, page 61) by playing games, left the room, even the group leader Our no. L) was about to desert the group because he feels that the group thinks that his way of doing things is not right. The juror that wants to leave the discussion because he wants to watch a game almost â€Å"deserts† the discussion by changing his vote to â€Å"not guilty' so that the discussion would end earlier.Toward the middle of the discussion, one of the Jurors was taking totes and trying to build up a solid fact from the discussion while the other Jurors are talking. He was doing an â€Å"analytical listening†, which focuses on evaluating and forming appropriate opinions about a message. It requires critical thinking and analysis (page 193). The climate changes moderately throughout the film. It starts off with a good climate, then it gets tighter when the Jurors start arguing until even some of them feels that the other is being insensible. Nonverbal communications† (message components other than words that generate meaning, page 163) that were shown in the discussion are for example, Jurors playing games hill the others are talking, throwing papers, etc. As for verbal communication (focuses on how you use words and language, page 163), there are changes in vocal tone by the Jurors that were aggravated by some other Jurors that changed their mind to â€Å"not guilty'. The Conflict starting at the beginning of the movie when the jurors were trying to answer the question, â€Å"Is the suspect guilty? † .Henry Found decided to go against the other 11 Jurors by voting â€Å" not guilty' for the suspect. This raised a â€Å"substantive conflict† (Occurs when a member disagrees about issues, ideas, decisions, actions or goals†, page 211). The group does not like that decision, so the goal cannot be reached. Henry Found was very strong in his vote, so then emerged â€Å"hidden agenda† (A hidden agenda occurs when a member's private goal conflicts with the group's goals, page 38) from the group to try to convince Henry to change his vote because some of them want to go home, and the other thinks that it is too obvious and sticks to their decisions.Henrys conflict style is â€Å"compromise conflict style† (a middle ground approach that involves conceding some goals in order to achieve others, page 218), this works well because if you use compromise conflict Tyler, you are not saying that the other person is wrong, but saying that he has a point, but there is more to it. In the movie when somebody says â€Å"the kid ran away becaus e he is afraid to get caught†, he would reply with â€Å"let's say the kid really ran away †¦ Then he would say his reasoning. In the middle of the movie, there was a â€Å"procedural conflict† (disagreement among group members about the method or process the group uses in its attempt to accomplish a goal, page 212). When a Juror suggested for another vote, one other Juror wanted an open ballot instead of a vote. Toward the middle of the discussion, there are basically two groups that were formed in there, which are the â€Å"guilty' group and the â€Å"not guilty' group.The â€Å"not guilty' group reached â€Å"performing stage†, where all members are fully engaged and eager to work (page 32). They all work together to try to put all the evidence together to see exactly if the testimonies from witnesses are true. Juror no. 3 (the one that said â€Å"not guilty' the last) is very â€Å"aggressive† (acts in their own self-interest at the expense o f others. They are critical, insensitive, combative, and even abusive, page 68). He hoots most of the time, and even gets angry to some of the other Jurors.His conflict style looks like a â€Å"competition conflict style† (group member are more concerned with their own goals than the group†, page 217), because I feel like his pride is a bit in the way of him choosing â€Å"not guilty'. The Juror that has a cold in the beginning of the movie is has â€Å"prejudice† (negative attitudes about other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. Prejudices about an individual or culture group often arise when we have little or no direct experience with that person, page 81) award people who grew in slums.He said that he knows everything about those who grows in slums, that they are aggressive, and does not even speak good English. He mentioned those even without knowing the person he is talking about. During the discussion, some of the members wanted vo tes to see how they are doing so far. This expresses a â€Å"sense of progress†. It is difficult for members to stay motivated throughout the life of the group when they have no idea whether the group is making progress toward its goal (page 147). One of the Jurors even asked for an open ballot to see who is still voting for â€Å"not guilty'.

Apush Ap Test Release Essay Topics Guide

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